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  <div class="section" id="module-json">
<h1>19.2. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder<a class="headerlink" href="#module-json" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
<p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) &lt;<a class="reference external" href="http://json.org">http://json.org</a>&gt; is a subset of JavaScript
syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data interchange format.</p>
<p><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
<a title="Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)." class="reference external" href="marshal.html#module-marshal"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt></a> and <a title="Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back." class="reference external" href="pickle.html#module-pickle"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt></a> modules.</p>
<p>Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)}])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;: [&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s">foo</span><span class="se">\b</span><span class="s">ar&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\&quot;foo\bar&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u&#39;</span><span class="se">\u1234</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\u1234&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&quot;\\&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;c&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">{&quot;a&quot;: 0, &quot;b&quot;: 0, &quot;c&quot;: 0}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;streaming API&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Compact encoding:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,{</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">}],</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&#39;:&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[1,2,3,{&quot;4&quot;:5,&quot;6&quot;:7}]&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pretty printing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;4&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;6&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">{</span>
<span class="go">    &quot;4&quot;: 5,</span>
<span class="go">    &quot;6&quot;: 7</span>
<span class="go">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Decoding JSON:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;foo&quot;, {&quot;bar&quot;:[&quot;baz&quot;, null, 1.0, 2]}]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[u&#39;foo&#39;, {u&#39;bar&#39;: [u&#39;baz&#39;, None, 1.0, 2]}]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&quot;foo</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">bar&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">u&#39;&quot;foo\x08ar&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">io</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;[&quot;streaming API&quot;]&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[u&#39;streaming API&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Specializing JSON object decoding:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">as_complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;__complex__&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;real&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">dct</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;imag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dct</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;{&quot;__complex__&quot;: true, &quot;real&quot;: 1, &quot;imag&quot;: 2}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">object_hook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">as_complex</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(1+2j)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;1.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_float</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Decimal(&#39;1.1&#39;)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Extending <a title="json.JSONEncoder" class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imag</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;[2.0, 1.0]&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;[&#39;, &#39;2.0&#39;, &#39;, &#39;, &#39;1.0&#39;, &#39;]&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using json.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ echo &#39;{&quot;json&quot;:&quot;obj&quot;}&#39; | python -mjson.tool
{
    &quot;json&quot;: &quot;obj&quot;
}
$ echo &#39;{ 1.2:3.4}&#39; | python -mjson.tool
Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The JSON produced by this module&#8217;s default settings is a subset of
YAML, so it may be used as a serializer for that as well.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-usage">
<h2>19.2.1. Basic Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.dump">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">dump</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em>, <em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.dump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> as a JSON formatted stream to <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.write()</span></tt>-supporting
file-like object).</p>
<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>), then dict keys that are not
of a basic type (<a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>, <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>, <a title="int" class="reference external" href="functions.html#int"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt></a>, <a title="long" class="reference external" href="functions.html#long"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">long</span></tt></a>,
<a title="float" class="reference external" href="functions.html#float"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>, <a title="bool" class="reference external" href="functions.html#bool"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>) will be skipped instead of raising a
<a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then some chunks written
to <em>fp</em> may be <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instances, subject to normal Python
<a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> to <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> coercion rules.  Unless <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fp.write()</span></tt>
explicitly understands <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> (as in <a title="codecs.getwriter" class="reference external" href="codecs.html#codecs.getwriter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getwriter()</span></tt></a>) this
is likely to cause an error.</p>
<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then the circular
reference check for container types will be skipped and a circular reference
will result in an <a title="exceptions.OverflowError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt></a> (or worse).</p>
<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (default: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>), then it will be a
<a title="exceptions.ValueError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> to serialize out of range <a title="float" class="reference external" href="functions.html#float"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a> values (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nan</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inf</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-inf</span></tt>) in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of
using the JavaScript equivalents (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt>).</p>
<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and object
members will be pretty-printed with that indent level.  An indent level of 0
will only insert newlines.  <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> (the default) selects the most compact
representation.</p>
<p>If <em>separators</em> is an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">dict_separator)</span></tt> tuple, then it
will be used instead of the default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt> separators.  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span>
<span class="pre">':')</span></tt> is the most compact JSON representation.</p>
<p><em>encoding</em> is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.</p>
<p><em>default(obj)</em> is a function that should return a serializable version of
<em>obj</em> or raise <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.  The default simply raises <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>To use a custom <a title="json.JSONEncoder" class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONEncoder</span></tt></a> subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt> method to serialize additional types), specify it with the
<em>cls</em> kwarg.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.dumps">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">dumps</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.dumps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Serialize <em>obj</em> to a JSON formatted <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, then the return value will be a
<a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instance.  The other arguments have the same meaning as in
<a title="json.dump" class="reference internal" href="#json.dump"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.load">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">load</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deserialize <em>fp</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.read()</span></tt>-supporting file-like object containing a JSON
document) to a Python object.</p>
<p>If the contents of <em>fp</em> are encoded with an ASCII based encoding other than
UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be specified.
Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not allowed, and
should be wrapped with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs.getreader(fp)(encoding)</span></tt>, or simply decoded
to a <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> object and passed to <a title="json.loads" class="reference internal" href="#json.loads"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">loads()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><em>object_hook</em> is an optional function that will be called with the result of
any object literal decode (a <a title="dict" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#dict"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>).  The return value of
<em>object_hook</em> will be used instead of the <a title="dict" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#dict"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This feature can be used
to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).</p>
<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a title="decimal.Decimal" class="reference external" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>.  This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a title="float" class="reference external" href="functions.html#float"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'null'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'true'</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'false'</span></tt>.  This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.</p>
<p>To use a custom <a title="json.JSONDecoder" class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONDecoder"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">JSONDecoder</span></tt></a> subclass, specify it with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cls</span></tt>
kwarg.  Additional keyword arguments will be passed to the constructor of the
class.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="json.loads">
<tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">loads</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cls</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kw</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.loads" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deserialize <em>s</em> (a <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instance containing a JSON
document) to a Python object.</p>
<p>If <em>s</em> is a <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> instance and is encoded with an ASCII based encoding
other than UTF-8 (e.g. latin-1), then an appropriate <em>encoding</em> name must be
specified.  Encodings that are not ASCII based (such as UCS-2) are not
allowed and should be decoded to <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> first.</p>
<p>The other arguments have the same meaning as in <a title="json.dump" class="reference internal" href="#json.dump"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="encoders-and-decoders">
<h2>19.2.2. Encoders and decoders<a class="headerlink" href="#encoders-and-decoders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONDecoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>object_hook</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_float</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_int</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>parse_constant</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strict</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Simple JSON decoder.</p>
<p>Performs the following translations in decoding by default:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="44%" />
<col width="56%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">JSON</th>
<th class="head">Python</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>object</td>
<td>dict</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>array</td>
<td>list</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>string</td>
<td>unicode</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>number (int)</td>
<td>int, long</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>number (real)</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>true</td>
<td>True</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>false</td>
<td>False</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>null</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>It also understands <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> as their
corresponding <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt> values, which is outside the JSON spec.</p>
<p><em>encoding</em> determines the encoding used to interpret any <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> objects
decoded by this instance (UTF-8 by default).  It has no effect when decoding
<a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> objects.</p>
<p>Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work, strings
of other encodings should be passed in as <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><em>object_hook</em>, if specified, will be called with the result of every JSON
object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the given
<a title="dict" class="reference external" href="stdtypes.html#dict"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>.  This can be used to provide custom deserializations (e.g. to
support JSON-RPC class hinting).</p>
<p><em>parse_float</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON
float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float(num_str)</span></tt>.
This can be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON floats
(e.g. <a title="decimal.Decimal" class="reference external" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_int</em>, if specified, will be called with the string of every JSON int
to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int(num_str)</span></tt>.  This can
be used to use another datatype or parser for JSON integers
(e.g. <a title="float" class="reference external" href="functions.html#float"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p><em>parse_constant</em>, if specified, will be called with one of the following
strings: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'Infinity'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'NaN'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'null'</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'true'</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'false'</span></tt>.  This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
are encountered.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder.decode">
<tt class="descname">decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the Python representation of <em>s</em> (a <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or
<a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a> instance containing a JSON document)</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode">
<tt class="descname">raw_decode</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONDecoder.raw_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Decode a JSON document from <em>s</em> (a <a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or <a title="unicode" class="reference external" href="functions.html#unicode"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt></a>
beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
representation and the index in <em>s</em> where the document ended.</p>
<p>This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may have
extraneous data at the end.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">json.</tt><tt class="descname">JSONEncoder</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>skipkeys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ensure_ascii</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>check_circular</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_nan</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>sort_keys</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>indent</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>separators</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.</p>
<p>Supports the following objects and types by default:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="56%" />
<col width="44%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Python</th>
<th class="head">JSON</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>dict</td>
<td>object</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>list, tuple</td>
<td>array</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>str, unicode</td>
<td>string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>int, long, float</td>
<td>number</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>True</td>
<td>true</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>False</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>None</td>
<td>null</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
<a title="json.JSONEncoder.default" class="reference internal" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">default()</span></tt></a> method with another method that returns a serializable object
for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">o</span></tt> if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass implementation
(to raise <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>If <em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (the default), then it is a <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> to
attempt encoding of keys that are not str, int, long, float or None.  If
<em>skipkeys</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, such items are simply skipped.</p>
<p>If <em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), the output is guaranteed to be
<a title="str" class="reference external" href="functions.html#str"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> objects with all incoming unicode characters escaped.  If
<em>ensure_ascii</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, the output will be a unicode object.</p>
<p>If <em>check_circular</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then lists, dicts, and custom
encoded objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an <a title="exceptions.OverflowError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OverflowError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></tt></a>).
Otherwise, no such check takes place.</p>
<p>If <em>allow_nan</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></tt>, and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-Infinity</span></tt> will be encoded as such.  This behavior is not JSON
specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript based
encoders and decoders.  Otherwise, it will be a <a title="exceptions.ValueError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> to encode
such floats.</p>
<p>If <em>sort_keys</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then the output of dictionaries
will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure that
JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.</p>
<p>If <em>indent</em> is a non-negative integer (it is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> by default), then JSON
array elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent
level.  An indent level of 0 will only insert newlines.  <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is the most
compact representation.</p>
<p>If specified, <em>separators</em> should be an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(item_separator,</span> <span class="pre">key_separator)</span></tt>
tuple.  The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',</span> <span class="pre">',</span> <span class="pre">':</span> <span class="pre">')</span></tt>.  To get the most compact JSON
representation, you should specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(',',</span> <span class="pre">':')</span></tt> to eliminate whitespace.</p>
<p>If specified, <em>default</em> is a function that gets called for objects that can&#8217;t
otherwise be serialized.  It should return a JSON encodable version of the
object or raise a <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>encoding</em> is not <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, then all input strings will be transformed
into unicode using that encoding prior to JSON-encoding.  The default is
UTF-8.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.default">
<tt class="descname">default</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.default" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a serializable
object for <em>o</em>, or calls the base implementation (to raise a
<a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement default
like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">):</span>
   <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
   <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="k">pass</span>
   <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
       <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
   <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.encode">
<tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure, <em>o</em>.  For
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;baz&quot;</span><span class="p">]})</span>
<span class="go">&#39;{&quot;foo&quot;: [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;]}&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="json.JSONEncoder.iterencode">
<tt class="descname">iterencode</tt><big>(</big><em>o</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#json.JSONEncoder.iterencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Encode the given object, <em>o</em>, and yield each string representation as
available.  For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterencode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bigobject</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">mysocket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</div>
</div>


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<li><a class="reference external" href="">19.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> &#8212; JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#basic-usage">19.2.1. Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#encoders-and-decoders">19.2.2. Encoders and decoders</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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